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Christian Marclay
Christian Ernest Marclay (born January 11, 1955) is a visual artist and composer. He holds both American and Swiss nationality.
Marclay's work explores connections between sound, noise, photography, video, and film. A pioneer of using gramophone records and turntables as musical instruments to create sound collages, Marclay is, in the words of critic Thom Jurek, perhaps the "unwitting inventor of turntablism."〔(All Music Review of ''More Encores: Christian Marclay Plays with the Records Of ...'' ) (1988). Retrieved 25 June 2011.〕 His own use of turntables and records, beginning in the late 1970s, was developed independently of but roughly parallel to hip hop's use of the instrument.〔(European Graduate School Biography ). Retrieved 25 June 2011.〕
==Early life and education==
Christian Marclay was born on January 11, 1955 in San Rafael, Marin County, California, to a Swiss father and an American mother and raised in Geneva, Switzerland.〔(White Cube Biography ). Retrieved 25 June 2011.〕〔(Paula Cooper Gallery Biography. Accessed 25 June 2011. )〕 He studied at the Ecole Supérieure d'Art Visuel in Geneva (1975–1977), the Massachusetts College of Art in Boston (1977–1980, Bachelor of Fine Arts), and the Cooper Union in New York (1978).〔〔 As a student he was notably interested in Joseph Beuys and the Fluxus movement of the 1960s and 1970s.〔(All Music Biography. Accessed 25 June 2011. )〕 Long based in Manhattan, Marclay has in recent years divided his time between New York and London.〔Blake Gopnik, ("The 10 Most Important Artists of Today" ), ''Newsweek'', 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.〕
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